1. Home
  2. Vol 7, No 5 (2023)
  3. Tene

Modeling Plasmonics and Electronics in Semiconducting Graphene Nanostrips

Talia Tene, Marco Guevara, Gabriel Moreano, Edisson Calderón, Nataly Bonilla García, Cristian Vacacela Gomez, Stefano Bellucci

Abstract


In recent decades, both academia and industry have shown noteworthy interest in investigating the semiconducting properties of graphene. Nevertheless, the lack of a suitable bandgap in graphene has restricted its practical applications in the current semiconductor industry. To overcome this limitation, graphene micro/nano-strips have been actively explored. The focus of the present study centers on modeling the electronic and plasmonic characteristics of graphene strips with varying widths: 2.7, 100, 135 nm, and 4 m. This analysis is conducted at ultralow energies (0.3 eV, or ~73 THz). We employ conventional density functional computations to estimate the Fermi velocity of graphene, refining the results via the GW approximation. Utilizing the accurate Fermi velocity, we employ a semi-analytical model to explore the ground state and plasmon properties (frequency and dispersion) of these graphene strips. Notably, this approach effectively replicates the density of states observed in narrow experimental graphene nano-strips (2.7 nm) grown on Ge(001) and, similarly, reproduces the plasmon spectrum found in synthesized graphene microstrips (4 μm) on Si/SiO2. Interestingly, our study also offers insights into the potential application of this approach in comprehending the plasmon frequency and plasmon dispersion of graphene nano-strips (~135 nm) acquired through liquid-phase exfoliation. The outcomes of this investigation present compelling evidence that the properties of graphene-based strips can be customized to fulfill specific requirements and applications. These findings hold significant promise for advancing graphene-based technologies, bridging the gap between fundamental research and tangible applications.

 

Doi: 10.28991/ESJ-2023-07-05-01

Full Text: PDF


Keywords


Graphene Micro/Nano-Strips; THz Plasmons; Electronics; Fermi Velocity; Semi-Analytical Model.

References


Dai, Y., Zhou, Z., Ghosh, A., Mong, R. S. K., Kubo, A., Huang, C. Bin, & Petek, H. (2020). Plasmonic topological quasiparticle on the nanometre and femtosecond scales. Nature, 588(7839), 616–619. doi:10.1038/s41586-020-3030-1.

Boerigter, C., Campana, R., Morabito, M., & Linic, S. (2016). Evidence and implications of direct charge excitation as the dominant mechanism in plasmon-mediated photocatalysis. Nature Communications, 7(1), 10545. doi:10.1038/ncomms10545.

Chen, H., Shao, L., Li, Q., & Wang, J. (2013). Gold nanorods and their plasmonic properties. Chemical Society Reviews, 42(7), 2679–2724. doi:10.1039/c2cs35367a.

Zhang, J., Zhang, L., & Xu, W. (2012). Surface plasmon polaritons: Physics and applications. Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics, 45(11), 113001. doi:10.1088/0022-3727/45/11/113001.

Song, X., Wang, Y., Zhao, F., Li, Q., Ta, H. Q., Rümmeli, M. H., Tully, C. G., Li, Z., Yin, W. J., Yang, L., Lee, K. B., Yang, J., Bozkurt, I., Liu, S., Zhang, W., & Chhowalla, M. (2019). Plasmon-Free Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy Using Metallic 2D Materials. ACS Nano, 13(7), 8312–8319. doi:10.1021/acsnano.9b03761.

Soldano, C., Mahmood, A., & Dujardin, E. (2010). Production, properties and potential of graphene. Carbon, 48(8), 2127–2150. doi:10.1016/j.carbon.2010.01.058.

Grigorenko, A. N., Polini, M., & Novoselov, K. S. (2012). Graphene plasmonics. Nature Photonics, 6(11), 749–758. doi:10.1038/nphoton.2012.262.

García de Abajo, F. J. (2014). Graphene Plasmonics: Challenges and Opportunities. ACS Photonics, 1(3), 135–152. doi:10.1021/ph400147y.

Ni, G. X., McLeod, A. S., Sun, Z., Wang, L., Xiong, L., Post, K. W., Sunku, S. S., Jiang, B.-Y., Hone, J., Dean, C. R., Fogler, M. M., & Basov, D. N. (2018). Fundamental limits to graphene plasmonics. Nature, 557(7706), 530–533. doi:10.1038/s41586-018-0136-9.

Karimi, F., & Knezevic, I. (2017). Plasmons in graphene nanoribbons. Physical Review B, 96(12), 125417. doi:10.1103/PhysRevB.96.125417.

Dutta, S., & Pati, S. K. (2010). Novel properties of graphene nanoribbons: A review. Journal of Materials Chemistry, 20(38), 8207–8223. doi:10.1039/c0jm00261e.

Tian, C., Miao, W., Zhao, L., & Wang, J. (2023). Graphene nanoribbons: Current status and challenges as quasi-one-dimensional nanomaterials. Reviews in Physics, 10, 100082. doi:10.1016/j.revip.2023.100082.

Zhuang, H., Kong, F., Li, K., & Sheng, S. (2015). Plasmonic bandpass filter based on graphene nanoribbon. Applied Optics, 54(10), 2558. doi:10.1364/ao.54.002558.

Silveiro, I., Ortega, J. M. P., & Abajo, F. J. G. De. (2015). Plasmon wave function of graphene nanoribbons. New Journal of Physics, 17(8), 83013. doi:10.1088/1367-2630/17/8/083013.

Fei, Z., Goldflam, M. D., Wu, J. S., Dai, S., Wagner, M., McLeod, A. S., Liu, M. K., Post, K. W., Zhu, S., Janssen, G. C. A. M., Fogler, M. M., & Basov, D. N. (2015). Edge and Surface Plasmons in Graphene Nanoribbons. Nano Letters, 15(12), 8271–8276. doi:10.1021/acs.nanolett.5b03834.

Gomez, C. V., Pisarra, M., Gravina, M., & Sindona, A. (2017). Tunable plasmons in regular planar arrays of graphene nanoribbons with armchair and zigzag-shaped edges. Beilstein Journal of Nanotechnology, 8(1), 172–182. doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.18.

Andersen, D. R., & Raza, H. (2012). Plasmon dispersion in semimetallic armchair graphene nanoribbons. Physical Review B, 85(7). doi:10.1103/physrevb.85.075425.

Xia, S., Zhai, X., Wang, L., Li, H., Huang, Z., & Lin, Q. (2015). Dynamically tuning the optical coupling of surface plasmons in coplanar graphene nanoribbons. Optics Communications, 352, 110–115. doi:10.1016/j.optcom.2015.05.002.

Popov, V. V., Bagaeva, T. Y., Otsuji, T., & Ryzhii, V. (2010). Oblique terahertz plasmons in graphene nanoribbon arrays. Physical Review B - Condensed Matter and Materials Physics, 81(7), 73404. doi:10.1103/PhysRevB.81.073404.

Tene, T., Guevara, M., Viteri, E., Maldonado, A., Pisarra, M., Sindona, A., Gomez, C. V., & Bellucci, S. (2022). Calibration of Fermi Velocity to Explore the Plasmonic Character of Graphene Nanoribbon Arrays by a Semi-Analytical Model. Nanomaterials, 12(12). doi:10.3390/nano12122028.

Yang, Y., & Murali, R. (2010). Impact of size effect on graphene nanoribbon transport. IEEE Electron Device Letters, 31(3), 237–239. doi:10.1109/LED.2009.2039915.

Tene, T., Guevara, M., Cevallos, Y., Sáez Paguay, M. Á., Bellucci, S., & Vacacela Gomez, C. (2023). THz Surface Plasmons in Wide and Freestanding Graphene Nanoribbon Arrays. Coatings, 13(1), 28. doi:10.3390/coatings13010028.

Tene, T., Guevara, M., Svozilík, J., Coello-Fiallos, D., Briceño, J., & Vacacela Gomez, C. (2022). Proving Surface Plasmons in Graphene Nanoribbons Organized as 2D Periodic Arrays and Potential Applications in Biosensors. Chemosensors, 10(12), 514. doi:10.3390/chemosensors10120514.

Tene, T., Guevara, M., Borja, M., Mendoza Salazar, M. J., Palacios Robalino, M. de L., Vacacela Gomez, C., & Bellucci, S. (2023). Modeling semiconducting silicene nanostrips: electronics and THz plasmons. Frontiers in Physics, 11, 1198214. doi:10.3389/fphy.2023.1198214.

Ratnawati, R., Wulandari, R., Kumoro, A. C., & Hadiyanto, H. (2022). Response surface methodology for formulating PVA/starch/lignin biodegradable plastic. Emerging Science Journal, 6(2), 238-255. doi:10.28991/ESJ-2022-06-02-03.

Sindona, A., Vacacela Gomez, C., & Pisarra, M. (2022). Dielectric screening versus geometry deformation in two-dimensional allotropes of silicon and germanium. Scientific Reports, 12(1), 15107. doi:10.1038/s41598-022-19260-y.

Gori-Giorgi, P., Seidl, M., & Vignale, G. (2009). Density-Functional Theory for Strongly Interacting Electrons. Physical Review Letters, 103(16). doi:10.1103/physrevlett.103.166402.

Troullier, N., & Martins, J. (1990). A straightforward method for generating soft transferable pseudopotentials. Solid State Communications, 74(7), 613–616. doi:10.1016/0038-1098(90)90686-6.

Sindona, A., Pisarra, M., Bellucci, S., Tene, T., Guevara, M., & Vacacela Gomez, C. (2019). Plasmon oscillations in two-dimensional arrays of ultranarrow graphene nanoribbons. Physical Review B, 100(23), 235422. doi:10.1103/PhysRevB.100.235422.

Wisesa, P., McGill, K. A., & Mueller, T. (2016). Efficient generation of generalized Monkhorst-Pack grids through the use of informatics. Physical Review B, 93(15), 155109. doi:10.1103/PhysRevB.93.155109.

Aryasetiawan, F., & Gunnarsson, O. (1998). The GW method. Reports on Progress in Physics, 61(3), 237–312. doi:10.1088/0034-4885/61/3/002.

Hagen, G., Vaagen, J. S., & Hjorth-Jensen, M. (2004). The contour deformation method in momentum space, applied to subatomic physics. Journal of Physics A: Mathematical and General, 37(38), 8991–9021. doi:10.1088/0305-4470/37/38/006.

Zhang, Y., Tan, Y. W., Stormer, H. L., & Kim, P. (2005). Experimental observation of the quantum Hall effect and Berry’s phase in graphene. Nature, 438(7065), 201–204. doi:10.1038/nature04235.

Jacak, W. A. (2015). Lorentz friction for surface plasmons in metallic nanospheres. Journal of Physical Chemistry C, 119(12), 6749–6759. doi:10.1021/jp511560g.

Egerton, R. F. (2009). Electron energy-loss spectroscopy in the TEM. Reports on Progress in Physics, 72(1), 16502. doi:10.1088/0034-4885/72/1/016502.

Han, M. Y., Özyilmaz, B., Zhang, Y., & Kim, P. (2007). Energy Band-Gap Engineering of Graphene Nanoribbons. Physical Review Letters, 98(20). doi:10.1103/physrevlett.98.206805.

Yang, L., Park, C.-H., Son, Y.-W., Cohen, M. L., & Louie, S. G. (2007). Quasiparticle Energies and Band Gaps in Graphene Nanoribbons. Physical Review Letters, 99(18). doi:10.1103/physrevlett.99.186801.

Kiraly, B., Mannix, A. J., Jacobberger, R. M., Fisher, B. L., Arnold, M. S., Hersam, M. C., & Guisinger, N. P. (2016). Sub-5 nm, globally aligned graphene nanoribbons on Ge(001). Applied Physics Letters, 108(21). doi:10.1063/1.4950959.

Ju, L., Geng, B., Horng, J., Girit, C., Martin, M., Hao, Z., Bechtel, H. A., Liang, X., Zettl, A., Shen, Y. R., & Wang, F. (2011). Graphene plasmonics for tunable terahertz metamaterials. Nature Nanotechnology, 6(10), 630–634. doi:10.1038/nnano.2011.146.

Tao, C., Jiao, L., Yazyev, O. V., Chen, Y. C., Feng, J., Zhang, X., Capaz, R. B., Tour, J. M., Zettl, A., Louie, S. G., Dai, H., & Crommie, M. F. (2011). Spatially resolving edge states of chiral graphene nanoribbons. Nature Physics, 7(8), 616–620. doi:10.1038/nphys1991.

Ryu, S., Maultzsch, J., Han, M. Y., Kim, P., & Brus, L. E. (2011). Raman spectroscopy of lithographically patterned graphene nanoribbons. ACS Nano, 5(5), 4123–4130. doi:10.1021/nn200799y.

Vacacela Gomez, C., Guevara, M., Tene, T., Villamagua, L., Usca, G. T., Maldonado, F., Tapia, C., Cataldo, A., Bellucci, S., & Caputi, L. S. (2021). The liquid exfoliation of graphene in polar solvents. Applied Surface Science, 546, 149046. doi:10.1016/j.apsusc.2021.149046.

Gomez, C. V., Tene, T., Guevara, M., Usca, G. T., Colcha, D., Brito, H., Molina, R., Bellucci, S., & Tavolaro, A. (2019). Preparation of few-layer graphene dispersions from hydrothermally expanded graphite. Applied Sciences (Switzerland), 9(12), 2539. doi:10.3390/app9122539.

Usca, G. T., Gomez, C. V., Guevara, M., Tene, T., Hernandez, J., Molina, R., Tavolaro, A., Miriello, D., & Caputi, L. S. (2019). Zeolite-assisted shear exfoliation of graphite into few-layer graphene. Crystals, 9(8), 377. doi:10.3390/cryst9080377.

Cayambe, M., Zambrano, C., Tene, T., Guevara, M., Usca, G. T., Brito, H., Molina, R., Coello-Fiallos, D., Caputi, L. S., & Gomez, C. V. (2019). Dispersion of graphene in ethanol by sonication. Materials Today: Proceedings, 37, 4027–4030. doi:10.1016/j.matpr.2020.06.441.

Villamagua, L., Carini, M., Stashans, A., & Gomez, C. V. (2016). Band gap engineering of graphene through quantum confinement and edge distortions. Ricerche Di Matematica, 65(2), 579–584. doi:10.1007/s11587-016-0278-8.

Feng, Y., Lin, S., Huang, S., Shrestha, S., & Conibeer, G. (2015). Can Tauc plot extrapolation be used for direct-band-gap semiconductor nanocrystals? Journal of Applied Physics, 117(12), 125701. doi:10.1063/1.4916090.

Tene, T., Guevara, M., Tubon-Usca, G., Cáceres, O. V., Moreano, G., Gomez, C. V., & Bellucci, S. (2023). THz plasmonics and electronics in germanene nanostrips. Journal of Semiconductors, 44(10), 102001-1.


Full Text: PDF

DOI: 10.28991/ESJ-2023-07-05-01

Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.


Copyright (c) 2023 Cristian Vacacela Gomez, Cristian Vacacela Gomez, Talia Tene, Marco Guevara, Gabriel Moreano, Edisson Calderón, Nataly Bonilla García, Stefano Bellucci