Reevaluating the Impact of University Reputation on Job Employment: A Structural Equation Modeling Approach
Downloads
This paper examines the impact of university reputation on the employment of new graduates in Oman through industry linkages in higher education. Given that employability worldwide is connected to the reputation of universities, this study seeks to determine whether a similar situation exists in Oman. Specific indirect effects using Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) are evaluated based on research into particular factors affecting graduate employment. The survey was structured and yielded responses from graduate students. Of these, 76.6% were employed, while the remaining 23.4% reported being unemployed or unable to find work. Findings reveal that student performance and competency significantly influence internship opportunities, which in turn enhance job employment (SP IO JE: = 0. 067, p = 0. 001; SC IO JE: = 0.1, p <0.001). However, the university's reputation regarding employment through industry partnerships was found to be negative and insignificant (UR IP JE: = 0. 011, p = 0. 072). This implies that while partnering with industries may alleviate unemployment in Oman, as is well known in Western countries, aligning universities with weak reputations for students’ employment chances may not yield satisfactory outcomes in Oman. Consequently, the study advocates for improving the relationship between universities and industries in Oman. Policymakers and academic institutions must focus on skills training, marketable skills, curriculum relevance, and increased internship opportunities for graduates. Furthermore, enhancing structures for organized employer assurances and assemblies to support long-established university graduates could strengthen universities' reputations in Oman. The study emphasizes the importance of improving the relationship between universities and industries in Oman. Therefore, policymakers and academic institutions must concentrate on skills training, marketable skills, curriculum relevance, and expanded internship opportunities for graduates. Additionally, enhancing frameworks for organized employer assurances and assemblies to support long-established university graduates could reinforce the university's reputation in the job market.
Downloads
[1] Moore, R. L., Lee, S. S., Pate, A. T., & Wilson, A. J. (2025). Systematic review of digital microcredentials: trends in assessment and delivery. Distance Education, 46(1), 8–35. doi:10.1080/01587919.2024.2441263.
[2] Summer, R., McCoy, M., Trujillo, I., & Rodriguez, E. (2025). Support for Working Students: Understanding the Impacts of Employment on Students’ Lives. Journal of College Student Retention: Research, Theory and Practice, 26(4), 1123–1146. doi:10.1177/15210251221149209.
[3] Nik Wan, N. Z., Razak, S., San, S., Hussin, S. N. A., Abd Aziz, A. A., & Saidi, N. (2024). Exploring the Educational Impact: a Study on Accounting Students’ Learning and Development During Internship. International Journal of Education, Psychology and Counseling, 9(54), 581–592. doi:10.35631/ijepc.954044.
[4] Lai, J. W., Zhang, L., Sze, C. C., & Lim, F. S. (2025). Learning Analytics for Bridging the Skills Gap: A Data-Driven Study of Undergraduate Aspirations and Skills Awareness for Career Preparedness. Education Sciences, 15(1), 40. doi:10.3390/educsci15010040.
[5] Gerçek, M., & Özveren, C. G. (2024). Developing Career Resources Through Work-Based Learning: A Qualitative Study on Internship Experiences. Business and Economics Research Journal, 3. doi:10.20409/berj.2024.446.
[6] Al Shamsi, I. R. (2024). Optimizing STEM Education via e-Learning: Addressing Challenges and Strategic Planning for Graduate Employment Outcomes. Emerging Science Journal, 8, 231–248. doi:10.28991/ESJ-2024-SIED1-014.
[7] Young, K., & Rooney, D. (2023). Developing soft (employability) skills and work experience opportunities to prepare students with intellectual disability for open employment. British Journal of Special Education, 50(4), 427–439. doi:10.1111/1467-8578.12484.
[8] Hoque, N., Uddin, M., Ahmad, A., Mamun, A., Uddin, M. N., Chowdhury, R. A., & Noman Alam, A. H. M. (2023). The desired employability skills and work readiness of graduates: Evidence from the perspective of established and well-known employers of an emerging economy. Industry and Higher Education, 37(5), 716–730. doi:10.1177/09504222221149850.
[9] Yahaya, S. N., Bakar, M. H., Ahmad Murad, M., Kelson, L., & Ghazali, A. W. (2024). The determinants of self-employment intention among public universities students towards sustaining financial capacity. Multidisciplinary Science Journal, 7(4), 2025184. doi:10.31893/multiscience.2025184.
[10] Ayunda Putri A. Siregar, Nadya Dinul Qoyyimah, Azizah Surayya, Sahraini Yamni N. F. Nasution, & Deasy Yunita Siregar. (2023). Pengaruh Magang Pendidikan Terhadap Pengembangan Kompetensi Mahasiswa. Guruku: Jurnal Pendidikan Dan Sosial Humaniora, 2(1), 81–89. doi:10.59061/guruku.v2i1.567.
[11] Thakur, R., Chavan, M., Vasoya, A., Kasturiwale, H., Ghosh, S., & Mishra, S. (2024). Bridging Academia And Industry: A Study On The Skill Development Effects Of Internships And On-The-Job Training Programs. Educational Administration Theory and Practices. doi:10.53555/kuey.v30i4.2276.
[12] Kuncoro, S., Thaha, A. R., & Fadilla, S. (2024). Optimizing Industrial Sector for Distance Learning Partnership. Journal of Education And Teaching Learning (JETL), 6(1), 62–72. doi:10.51178/jetl.v6i1.1706.
[13] Igbongidi, P. B. (2023). Promoting Partnership between Universities and Industries in Business Education Programme. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, VII(V), 451–456. doi:10.47772/ijriss.2023.70537.
[14] Afarian, R., & Kleiner, B. H. (2003). The relationship between grades and career success. Management Research News, 26(2/3/4), 42–51. doi:10.1108/01409170310783781.
[15] Othman, N., Zainal Abidin, Z., & Ahmad, A. (2024). Relationship Between Academic Performance and Graduate Employability in Higher Education Institutions. International Journal of Education, Psychology and Counseling, 9(53), 627–633. doi:10.35631/ijepc.953048.
[16] Owan, V. J., Ukam, C. U., & Egame, E. A. (2023). Beyond school grades: Measuring students learning outcomes and the emergence of achievers and underachievers. Journal of Pedagogical Sociology and Psychology, 3. doi:10.33902/jpsp.202320925.
[17] Twumasi Ankrah, D., Osei, C. K., Siabi, E. K., & Donkor, P. (2023). Innovative Education for Employment: The Perspective of the University, Industry and the Graduate. SSRN Journal, 1-25. doi:10.2139/ssrn.4561652.
[18] Pazil, A. H. M., & Razak, R. C. (2019). Perspectives of Asian employers on graduates’ soft skills: A systematic review. Universal Journal of Educational Research, 7(11), 2397–2405. doi:10.13189/ujer.2019.071117.
[19] Choe, C., Kim, Y. Bin, & Choi, K. (2023). Do Internships Matter?: the Impact of Internship Participation on Employability. Singapore Economic Review, 1–18. doi:10.1142/S0217590823500133.
[20] Hinai, M. R. Al, Bhuiyan, A. B., & Husin, N. A. (2020). Theoretical Review on The Graduate Attributes and The Readiness for Employability Among Engineering Graduates in The Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) in Oman. Indian Journal of Finance and Banking, 4(2), 130–139. doi:10.46281/ijfb.v4i2.799.
[21] Gupta, S., & Faisal, M. (2024). Insights on future employment and required technical skills pertaining with Oman. International Journal of Engineering Systems Modelling and Simulation, 15(2), 84–89. doi:10.1504/IJESMS.2024.136969.
[22] Pitaloka, R. T., & Moko, W. (2024). Pengaruh Employer Branding, Social Media, Dan Corporate Reputation Terhadap Intention To Apply Job. Jurnal Kewirausahaan Dan Inovasi, 2(4), 1173–1184. doi:10.21776/jki.2023.02.4.19. (In Indonesian).
[23] -, B. R. G., & -, A. S. S. B. O. (2023). Empowering Careers through the Fusion of Vocational and Soft Skills. International Journal For Multidisciplinary Research, 5(4), 5776. doi:10.36948/ijfmr.2023.v05i04.5776.
[24] Isopahkala-Bouret, U., Tholen, G., & van Zanten, A. (2025). Positional Competition and Social Inequality in Graduate Careers (1st Ed.). Routledge, Milton Park, United Kingdom. doi:10.4324/9781003605713.
[25] tim, A. S. (2023). Boosting Students’ Performance, Career Readiness, and Earnings. Handbook of Research on Solutions for Equity and Social Justice in Education. IGI Global, Hershey, United States. doi:10.4018/978-1-7998-9678-4.ch005.
[26] Hongjun, S., Jie, W., Benhan, H., & Yang, H. (2024). The Influence of Students Academic Performance on Their Employability in the Field of Education. British Journal of Teacher Education and Pedagogy, 3(2), 113–139. doi:10.32996/bjtep.2024.3.2.10.
[27] Wu, Hong, Bai, Shan, Liao, Yuanzhi, & Tan, Chunhua. (2024). The Academic Performance and Upward Mobility of Students in Education Program. Journal of World Englishes and Educational Practices, 6(1), 137–166. doi:10.32996/jweep.2024.6.1.6.
[28] Bartolj, T., & Polanec, S. (2021). An Empirical Analysis of the Effects of Student Work and Academic Performance on the Probability of Employment. Economic and Business Review, 23(1), 26–39. doi:10.15458/2335-4216.1003.
[29] Nidogon Višnjić, S., Pažur Aničić, K., & Divjak, B. (2024). A systematic review of the literature on student work and academic performance. Industry and Higher Education, 38(5), 473–484. doi:10.1177/09504222241241974.
[30] Shannaq, B., Saleem, I., Alrawahi, S., Almhlawi, S., & Almaqbali, S. (2025). Enhancing Student Motivation and Competencies: Integrating E-Learning, Technological Literacy, and Cultural Alignment. Emerging Science Journal, 9(1), 451–467. doi:10.28991/ESJ-2025-09-01-025.
[31] Yi, E., & Park, D. H. (2024). The effect of core competencies of university students on employment and first year salary level based on school activity log. Heliyon, 10(7), 28474. doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e28474.
[32] Rita Mulyanti. (2024). The Influence of Competence, Motivation, Self-Efficacy and Compensation on Job Satisfaction and Employee Performance. Siber Journal of Advanced Multidisciplinary, 1(4), 196–213. doi:10.38035/sjam.v1i4.93.
[33] Alshammari, S. A. (2023). Impact of communication competencies, job requirements and Academic performance on students’ career development at the University of Hail, Saudi Arabia. Revista Amazonia Investiga, 12(61), 173–183. doi:10.34069/ai/2023.61.01.18.
[34] Sumiati, Sa’diyah, Y. A., Sugihartono, A., Kusumawardani, L. N. I., Narmaditya, B. S., & Wardana, L. W. (2024). Industry and Academia Collaboration in Addressing the Theory and Practice Gap Business and Management Education (a Systematic Literature Review). Nusantara Economics and Entrepreneurships Journals, 68–84. doi:10.59971/necent.v2i1.33.
[35] Aljumah, A. (2023). The Impact of Job Training on Recruitment and Employability Skills Among Graduates. International Journal of Professional Business Review, 8(10), e02806. doi:10.26668/businessreview/2023.v8i10.2806.
[36] Gazi, M. A. I., Rahman, M. K. H., Yusof, M. F., Masud, M. A. Al, Islam, M. A., Senathirajah, A. R. bin S., & Hossain, M. A. (2024). Mediating role of entrepreneurial intention on the relationship between entrepreneurship education and employability: a study on university students from a developing country. Cogent Business and Management, 11(1), 2294514. doi:10.1080/23311975.2023.2294514.
[37] Sunarya, L., Hidayat, F., Hidayanti, R., Khanza, A., Firli, M. Z., & Kamil, M. F. (2024). Assessing the Impact of Skills Involvement, and Development on Graduate Marketability. 2024 3rd International Conference on Creative Communication and Innovative Technology, ICCIT 2024, 1–6. doi:10.1109/ICCIT62134.2024.10701163.
[38] Bawica, I. (2021). The University Internship Program and its Effects on Students’ Employability Readiness. International Journal of Academe and Industry Research, 2(3), 86–101. doi:10.53378/348731.
[39] Adeosun, O. T., Shittu, A. I., & Owolabi, T. J. (2022). University internship systems and preparation of young people for world of work in the 4th industrial revolution. Rajagiri Management Journal, 16(2), 164–179. doi:10.1108/ramj-01-2021-0005.
[40] Shannaq, B. (2024). Unveiling the Nexus: Exploring TAM Components Influencing Professors’ Satisfaction With Smartphone Integration in Lectures: A Case Study From Oman. TEM Journal, 13(3), 2365–2375. doi:10.18421/TEM133-63.
[41] Tubb, J., & Fox, C. (2023). How partnerships can make a difference to securing jobs for international students. How to Enable the Employability of University Graduates, Edward Elgar Publishing, Cheltenham, United Kingdom. doi:10.4337/9781803926513.00044.
[42] Walaszczyk, L. (2024). Prestige in Partnership: A Case Study in Leveraging University Excellence to Elevate Brand Success. Marketing of Scientific and Research Organizations, 52(2), 88–104. doi:10.2478/minib-2024-0011.
[43] Salazar-Gómez, A. F., Bagiati, A., Álvarez, J. M., Beshimov, E., & Breazeal, C. (2023). The Global Apprenticeship Program (GAP): Bridging the Gap Between Talent and Opportunities. 2023 IEEE Frontiers in Education Conference (FIE), 1–9. doi:10.1109/fie58773.2023.10343009.
[44] Konduri, S., Kumar, B., & Choudhury, D. (2024). Bridging the Gap: Industry-Academia Collaboration in Architecture. ShodhKosh: Journal of Visual and Performing Arts, 5(ICoMABE), 2155. doi:10.29121/shodhkosh.v5.iicomabe.2024.2155.
[45] McPherson, P., & Reiter, K. (2019). Providing students with practical experience in quality control through industry partnerships. Proceeding of the 2019 Conference for Industry and Education Collaboration, CIEC 2019, 31495. doi:10.18260/3-2-370-31495.
[46] Souppez, J. B. R. (2025). Engineering employability skills: Students, academics, and industry professionals perception. International Journal of Mechanical Engineering Education, 53(1), 125–142. doi:10.1177/03064190231214178.
[47] Niayatulloh, A., Haikal, M., & Rochmadi, I. (2024). The Influence of Graduates’ Competence from Universitas Darussalam Gontor on the Relevance Level between Fields of Study and Employment. Interdiciplinary Journal and Hummanity (INJURITY), 3(1), 65–74. doi:10.58631/injurity.v3i1.167.
[48] Ead, H., Fahmy, H., & Elbadry, A. (2023). Factors Affecting University Graduates’ Employability in Egypt Using Egyptian University Students as a Case Study. Studies of Applied Economics, 41(2), 8731. doi:10.25115/sae.v41i2.8731.
[49] Tholen, G. (2023). The meaning of higher education credentials in graduate occupations: the view of recruitment consultants. Journal of Education and Work, 36(1), 9–21. doi:10.1080/13639080.2022.2162019.
[50] Aguenza, B. B., & Ingles, C. D. (2024). Employability Skills Requirements in the Professional Services Sector: An In-depth Analysis of Graduates. International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Sustainability Studies, 4(1), 30–43. doi:10.31098/ijeass.v4i1.1989.
[51] Chan, C. K. Y., Kwong, T., Chan, Y. B., Ko, A. W. Y., & Tse, S. S. K. (2024). What employers really want: a deep dive into résumés and holistic competencies. Education and Training, 66(4), 395–407. doi:10.1108/ET-06-2023-0252.
[52] Hassouna, M. M., & Zaazou, Z. A. (2024). The Impact of Undergraduate Internships on Employability - An Empirical Study. The Academic Journal of Contemporary Commercial Research, 4(3), 24–47. doi:10.21608/ajccr.2024.236890.1083.
[53] Tafakur, Hadi, S., Arifin, Z., & Munadi, S. (2024). The Role of Industrial Internships in Developing Work Self-Efficacy for Automotive Engineering Students. Journal of Technical Education and Training, 16(2), 67–77. doi:10.30880/JTET.2024.16.02.006.
[54] Bakar, M. Z. A., Halif, M. M., Abd Rahim, N. N., Hassan, M. F., & Muhamed, A. A. (2024). Why do Industry and University Work Together? The Case of Li2U. Advances in Social Sciences Research Journal, 11(2.2), 109–114. doi:10.14738/assrj.112.2.16424.
[55] Kalu, U. O., Kalu, S. U., Udeala, R. C., & Ezeama, A. O. (2023). Competency-Based Education & Training (CBET), A Practical Strategy For Sustainable Self-Employment of Building Technologist. International Journal of Vocational and Technical Education Research, 9(3), 24–34. doi:10.37745/ijvter.15/vol9n32434.
[56] Al-Abri, M., Denman, C., Al Alawi, M., & Al Ajmi, M. (2024). Enhancing employability through university-industry linkages: Omani engineering students’ perspectives of the Eidaad internship programme. Humanities and Social Sciences Communications, 11(1), 565. doi:10.1057/s41599-024-02779-y.
[57] Soundararajan, G., Aro-Gordon, S., & Ravikumar, A. (2021). Employers’ Expectation on Employability Skills: Students Perspective in Oman. Enas Publications: Science, 26, 1-8.
[58] Pratomo, D. S., Ningsih, D. N. C., Fahadayna, A. C., Arisetyawan, K., Al Ayyubi, M. S., Natalia, C., … Prastiwi, L. F. (2024). Analyzing the Factors Influencing Green Job Participation and Income Effects Using National Labor Force Data. Journal of Human, Earth, and Future, 5(3), 513–527. doi:10.28991/HEF-2024-05-03-014.
[59] Latheef, Z. I., Robinson, R., & Smith, S. (2021). Realistic job preview as an alternative tool to improve student readiness for online learning. Online Learning Journal, 25(2), 208–232. doi:10.24059/olj.v25i2.2216.
[60] du Plooy, E., Casteleijn, D., & Franzsen, D. (2024). Personalized adaptive learning in higher education: A scoping review of key characteristics and impact on academic performance and engagement. Heliyon, 10(21), 39630. doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e39630.
[61] Nogales, R., Córdova, P., & Urquidi, M. (2020). The impact of university reputation on employment opportunities: Experimental evidence from Bolivia. Economic and Labour Relations Review, 31(4), 524–542. doi:10.1177/1035304620962265.
[62] Pawan, Y. V. R., Dogra, A. K., Kohli, D., Batola, M., Bale, A. S., & Savadatti, M. B. (2024). Integrating Project-Based Learning and Industry Partnerships in Engineering Education: A Multi-Institution Study. Library of Progress-Library Science, Information Technology & Computer, 44(3).
[63] Pan, G., Seow, P.-S., Shankararaman, V., & Koh, K. (2023). University-Industry Collaboration in Project-Based Learning: Perspective and Motivation of Industry Partners. International Journal of Education, 15(3), 18. doi:10.5296/ije.v15i3.21132.
[64] Shaheen, F., Muzamil, M., & Shiraz, M. (2022). Impact of Perceived Value of Internship on the Employability Skills of Students at University Level. UMT Education Review, 5(2), 46–67. doi:10.32350/uer.52.03.
[65] Saidani, O., Menzli, L. J., Ksibi, A., Alturki, N., & Alluhaidan, A. S. (2022). Predicting Student Employability Through the Internship Context Using Gradient Boosting Models. IEEE Access, 10, 46472–46489. doi:10.1109/ACCESS.2022.3170421.
[66] Baert, B. S., Neyt, B., Siedler, T., Tobback, I., & Verhaest, D. (2021). Student internships and employment opportunities after graduation: A field experiment. Economics of Education Review, 83, 102141. doi:10.1016/j.econedurev.2021.102141.
[67] Eimer, A., & Bohndick, C. (2023). Employability models for higher education: A systematic literature review and analysis. Social Sciences and Humanities Open, 8(1), 100588. doi:10.1016/j.ssaho.2023.100588.
[68] Hosain, M. S., Mustafi, M. A. A., & Parvin, T. (2023). Factors affecting the employability of private university graduates: an exploratory study on Bangladeshi employers. PSU Research Review, 7(3), 163–183. doi:10.1108/PRR-01-2021-0005.
[69] Jackson, D., Lambert, C., Sibson, R., Bridgstock, R., & Tofa, M. (2024). Student employability-building activities: participation and contribution to graduate outcomes. Higher Education Research and Development, 43(6), 1308–1324. doi:10.1080/07294360.2024.2325154.
[70] Google Forms. (2025). Reevaluating the Role of University Reputation in Job Employment: A Structural Equation Modelling Analysis in Oman’s Higher Education System (Role of Elearning Adoption & Teaching Efficacy as Sustainable Solution). Google Forms: Online. Available online: https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSc-TfE5ZC6mo1wspEXQc-TAnqzj88tCTuq59jtpuC8EJYVqTQ/viewform?pli=1 (accessed on June 2025).
[71] Zhang, H., Khaskheli, A., Raza, S. A., & Masood, A. (2024). Linkage between Students’ Skills and Employability: Moderating Influence of University Reputation. Corporate Reputation Review, 27(4), 229–248. doi:10.1057/s41299-023-00169-9.
[72] García-álvarez, J., Vázquez-Rodríguez, A., Quiroga-Carrillo, A., & Caamaño, D. P. (2022). Transversal Competencies for Employability in University Graduates: A Systematic Review from the Employers’ Perspective. Education Sciences, 12(3), 204. doi:10.3390/educsci12030204.
[73] Jayachandran, S., & Joshi, B. (2024). Customized support vector machine for predicting the employability of students pursuing engineering. International Journal of Information Technology, 16(5), 3193-3204. doi:10.1007/s41870-024-01818-w.
[74] Al Balushi, A.H., Abdelfattah, F., & Al Araimi, A. (2024). The Role of Employability Skills in Oman’s Higher Education. Innovative and Intelligent Digital Technologies; Towards an Increased Efficiency. Studies in Systems, Decision and Control, 569, Springer, Cham, Switzerland. doi:10.1007/978-3-031-71649-2_5.
[75] Salazar-Morales, D. A. (2022). The reputational basis of policy success in comparative perspective: Evidence from the education sector in Peru and Bolivia. Governance, 35(1), 143-165. doi:10.1111/gove.12568.
[76] Al Muqarshi, A. (2024). Outsourcing, national diversity and transience: the reality of social identity in an ELT context in Omani higher education. International Journal of Qualitative Studies in Education, 37(1), 246–262. doi:10.1080/09518398.2022.2038303.
[77] Moustafa, K. (2024). University Rankings: Time to Reconsider. BioImpacts: BI, 15, 30290. doi:10.34172/bi.2024.30290.
[78] Wang, T., Jiang, C., & Chen, Q. (2024). Elite university bachelor’s degree salary premium for master’s graduates: empirical evidence from China. Studies in Higher Education, 1–14,. doi:10.1080/03075079.2024.2415377.
[79] Al-Hamadi, A. B., Budhwar, P. S., & Shipton, H. (2007). Management of human resources in Oman. International Journal of Human Resource Management, 18(1), 100–113. doi:10.1080/09585190601068383.
[80] Ismail, L. S. (2025). Innovative Synergies Collaborating With Industry, Research Organizations, and Global Institutions in Higher Education. Artificial Intelligence, Digital Learning, and Leadership: Redefining Higher Education. IGI Global, Hershey, United States. doi:10.4018/979-8-3373-0025-2.ch008.
[81] Kroon, N., & Franco, M. (2022). Antecedents, processes and outcomes of an internship program: an employer’s perspective. Journal of Applied Research in Higher Education, 14(2), 556–574. doi:10.1108/JARHE-09-2020-0315.
[82] Al-Hooti, M., Al-Barwani, T., & Al-Mekhlafi, A. (2023). Alignment of 21st century oral English curriculum and communication skills with labor market and higher education in Oman: The stakeholders’ perspective. International Journal of English Language and Literature Studies, 12(1), 60–73. doi:10.55493/5019.v12i1.4722.
[83] Nasser, R. (2020). Educational Reform in Oman: System and Structural Changes. Education Systems Around the World. Intechopen, London, United Kingdom. doi:10.5772/intechopen.84913.
[84] Williams, W., Knight, H. H., Rutter, R., & Mathias, M. (2021). A Study of the Convergence Between Entrepreneurship, Government Policy, and Higher Education in Oman. Advances in Educational Marketing, Administration, IGI Global, Hershey, United States. doi:10.4018/978-1-7998-8505-4.ch003.
[85] Marzouk, O. (2024). Benchmarks for the Omani higher education students-faculty ratio (SFR) based on World Bank data, QS rankings, and THE rankings. Cogent Education, 11(1), 2317117. doi:10.1080/2331186X.2024.2317117.
[86] Rothwell, A., & Arnold, J. (2007). Self-perceived employability: Development and validation of a scale. Personnel Review, 36(1), 23–41. doi:10.1108/00483480710716704.
[87] Bok, D. (2009). Universities in the Marketplace. Princeton University Press, Princeton, United States. doi:10.1515/9781400825493.
[88] Wilkins, S., & Huisman, J. (2012). The international branch campus as transnational strategy in higher education. Higher Education, 64(5), 627–645. doi:10.1007/s10734-012-9516-5.
[89] Said Obaid Alshaaibi, A., & Mohd Noor, K. (2023). Alignment Between the Needs of the Labor Market and the Outputs of Higher Education in the Sultanate of Oman Through Strategic Planning As a Mediating Variable. International Journal of Humanities and Educational Research, 5(3), 409–427. doi:10.47832/2757-5403.20.25.
- This work (including HTML and PDF Files) is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
