The Impact of Foreign Direct Investment on Unemployment: Panel Data Approach

The purpose of this study was to investigate the impact of foreign direct investment on unemployment in six countries in the Middle East and North Africa, Egypt, Jordan, Lebanon, Morocco, Tunisia, and Turkey, as this region is considered one of the most regions in the world with a high rate of unemployment. The study employed panel data for the period from 1990 to 2018, where three economic models were used to examine the impact of FDI on unemployment, male unemployment, and female unemployment, in the long run, using the Fixed Effect Model (FEM) and Random Effect Model (REM), in addition to finding the causal relationship in the short term using Panel VAR (Granger causality tests). The results showed that FDI reduces the unemployment rate, the male unemployment rate, and the female unemployment rate in the long run. The results of the study also revealed that there is no causal relationship in the short term between FDI and unemployment in its various forms, while there is a bidirectional causal relationship between FDI and exports according to the three economic models. This paper is the first of its kind in terms of examining the effect of FDI on unemployment in the six countries as a grouped and a sample of the MENA region.

The countries of the Middle East and North Africa, like other developing countries, suffer from several economic imbalances and development challenges; the most important of them is the reduction of the unemployment problem. These countries seek to attract foreign direct investment as one of the solutions to raise economic growth in them and increase exports and reduce unemployment. This study examined six countries from the Middle East and North Africa, namely Jordan, Lebanon, Egypt, Tunisia, Morocco and Turkey. These countries share a set of characteristics, the most important of which are developing and non-oil exporting countries and seek to attract foreign direct investment as one of the alternative solutions to external borrowing and solve the problem of increasing unemployment rates, and they are among the countries that take serious steps towards economic openness and provide many exemptions and incentives to attract foreign investment especially the foundational ones. In addition, all of these countries are members of the Organization of Islamic Cooperation and have been characterized by economic and political stability in the past three decades, and these countries are similar in their interest in human capital and export of qualified workers abroad, especially to the Arab Gulf countries, and because of the common factors in these countries, the study assumes that the effect of Foreign direct investment on unemployment will be close and similar.
The study relies on its importance as it is the first of its kind in studying the impact of foreign direct investment on unemployment in these countries and using the panel data approach for the period between 1990 and 2018. What distinguishes this paper from other is that it combines an investigating the relationship between the study variables, In the long run, using the various effect models (Common, Fixed, Random), and also finding Granger causality in the short term using Vector Auto-Regressive model (VAR), and applying the Okun's Law to estimate the relationship between unemployment and economic growth in each of the six countries.

2-Literature Review
Many economists believe that FDI inflows can affect the unemployment rate and decline it in the host country, like Tegep et al. (2019) [10] aimed to discover and test macroeconomic variables that can mediate the relationship between Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) and the unemployment rate in Indonesia. Employing an integrated alternative model using macroeconomic variables as mediating factors, it used path analysis to test panel data from 36 Indonesian provinces within 17 years (422 observations). In order to calculate inter-variables direct effects, it employed a bootstrapping method. This study successfully found that gross domestic product (GDP) and provincial minimum wage can directly mediate FDI and reduce the unemployment rate. On the other hand, domestic investment and the number of workforces cannot mediate the relationship between FDI and the unemployment rate. These results confirm that the relationship of FDI with unemployment is negative and indirect and FDI cannot explain the change in the unemployment rate without using economic growth and the minimum wages as intermediating variables. Johnny et al. (2018) [11] studied the impact of FDI on the unemployment rate in Nigeria from 1980 to 2015. The study revealed that: There is a negative and significant relationship between FDI and the unemployment rate, and there is a positive and significant relationship between capital formation and the unemployment rate. Based on the results, the study recommended that the government should implement policies that improve the investment climate in Nigeria and also ensure that all resources for productive activities are fully utilized before entering into any form of savings. Balcerzak and Żurek (2011) [4] study analyzed the correlation between foreign direct investment and the unemployment rate in the Polish labor market, the study used VAR methodology on quarterly data for the period from 1995 to 2011. The study showed that foreign direct investment led to a decrease in the unemployment rate in Poland in the short-term, and the study recommended the need to reform government policies that would attract foreign direct investment and create conditions for a positive impact in the long term. Irpan et al. (2018) [12] focused on the impact of FDI on the employment rate in Malaysia. Other factors such as the number of foreign workers, gross domestic product (GDP), and exchange rate (EXCR) were also included in the study. Data used in the study is annual data spanning from 1980 to 2012. The autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) model was used to determine the long-run relationship between the variables. The study found that FDI and GDP significantly influence and reduce the unemployment rate in Malaysia.
According to Dritsakis and Stamatiou (2018) [13] study which examined the causality relationships between foreign direct investments, exports, unemployment, and economic growth in the fifteen old EU members using panel data covering the period 1970-2015. Fixed Effect model was applied in order to estimate the panel VAR equations for Granger causality tests. The results revealed three bidirectional causalities between economic growth and exports, exports and FDI, and exports and unemployment and three unidirectional causalities running from FDI to economic growth, FDI to unemployment, and from economic growth to unemployment.
However, other economists have a passive view of the effect of foreign direct investment on the unemployment rate in the host country in terms of the lack of an evident effect on unemployment or causing its rate to rise, such as Grahovac and SoftićIn (2017) [14] examined the correlation between global unemployment rates and flows of FDI in the Western Balkan countries and presented comparative analysis with chosen countries during the period from 2000 to 2014. The analysis showed that since 2009, there was a significant reduction of net investments, which is more obvious in the case of FDI due to a lower domestic and external demand as a result of the global economic crisis that led to a decreasing number of employees and rising unemployment. Results, also, showed the absence of a positive impact of FDI on employment, which was present in most CEE countries during the transition period, as shown in numerous empirical studies.
Igant (2016) [15] empirically investigated if international trade has an impact on aggregate unemployment in the presence of labor market institutions. Using data for twenty OECD countries for the years 1961-2008, this study found that an increase in trade leads to higher aggregate unemployment as it interacts with rigid labor market institutions, whereas it may reduce aggregate unemployment if the labor market is characterized by flexibility. The study showed that in a country with an average degree of the labor market rigidities, an increase in trade has no significant effect on unemployment rates.
Omar Mohammad (2018) [16] used the analysis of the vector autoregressive model (VAR), to examine the relationship between foreign direct investment and unemployment in Sudan for 1990-2016. The study concluded that the FDI volume does not affect the unemployment rate, and that unemployment is not attracting FDI in Sudan.
Stamatiou and Dritsakis (2014) [17] study, which aimed to investigate the relationship between exports, foreign direct investments (FDI) and economic growth in five Eurozone countries (Greece, Portugal, Ireland, Spain, and Italy) using panel data for the period 1970 to 2011. The panel data causality results revealed that there is bidirectional causality between exports and economic growth, while there is no causality between economic growth and FDI nor between FDI and exports.
According to Bayar (2014) [18] examined the relationship between unemployment, economic growth, export, and foreign direct investment inflows in Turkey during the period of 2000:Q1-2013: Q3 by using bound testing approach based on autoregressive distributed lag. The study found that there was a long-run relationship between unemployment, economic growth, export, and FDI inflows. Moreover empirical findings demonstrated that economic growth and export undermine the unemployment rate, while FDI boosts it.
While reviewing previous studies in the literature, it can be understood that there are several different studies that focus on the impact of FDI on Unemployment, some of these studies used time series data and the others used cross sectional panel data. In addition to this situation, it is also identified that many different methodologies are considered in these studies, such as vector error correction, autoregressive distributed lag, generalized method of moment, cross-section common effect model, cross-section fixed effect model, panel VAR (causality) and so on. However, it is determined that there is a rare study that considers the leading the impact of FDI on Unemployment for MENA countries (maybe the first of its kind examined this region).
Findings are different across studies so it can't be ascertained how FDI affects unemployment in MENA countries. More so when no study actually looked at these countries separately, a new study that covers this region will be very beneficial to the literature. In general, from the researcher's point of view, the relationship between FDI and Unemployment differs from country or region to another based on the economic structure of the countries, type of received foreign direct investment in host countries, and also, from period span to another.

3-Data Structure and Variables
The study relied on data from six countries in the MENA region, namely: Jordan, Lebanon, Egypt, Tunisia, Morocco, and Turkey, during the period from 1990 to 2018. The variables considered in this study (unemployment rate, male unemployment, female unemployment, the net flow of foreign investment Direct, export, GDP growth, and inflation) were downloaded from the World Bank and the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) website [19][20]. For reasons of comparability, net inflows from FDI and export are shown as a percentage of a country's gross domestic product, unemployment rate, male unemployment, female unemployment, GDP growth, and inflation (GDP deflator) are displayed as a percentage. By doing so, it's not needed to pay special attention to the size difference between these six economies. The descriptive statistics of the panel data used in this study are shown in Table 2.  Figure 1 shows that FDI expressed as a percentage of GDP began to increase in size for all countries analyzed from the beginning of the 1990s to 2006 and 2008. It is worth noting that the summits recorded for some countries during the period 2005-2008, as well as the sudden decrease recorded between 2009 And 2010.  Based on the previous studies, the study variables were chosen, and the form of the theoretical relationship between unemployment and foreign direct investment was also clarified in the introduction to the study. To clarify the relationship between unemployment and the other variables considered in this study, such as economic growth, inflation, and exports, it is necessary to review the Phillips curve and Okun's law.
The economics scientist Philips published a statistical study on the historical relationship between inflation and unemployment targeting the British economy for the period between 1861 to 1957, and the study showed that the relationship between unemployment and inflation is a decreasing function ((U)= Δ ⁄ where ( )′ < 0), and it is nonlinear (the slope is not fixed) and it is a stable and constant relationship (does not change in the long run) [21]. Phillips explained that the rate of change in monetary wages is high when unemployment is low, and vice versa, so that wages according to Philips are the unemployment function, w = f(U) [22].
For the purposes of this study, Okun's law was applied to estimate the relationship between change in unemployment and economic growth for the six countries. Ordinary Lest Square Method (Time Series Data) was used as standard tool for each country and Common Effect Model (Panel Data) for the pooled countries.  Table 3 shows the application of the Okun law to the six countries, and it's observed through the estimated results that the relationship between economic growth and the change in unemployment is inverse, and the results also showed that the economic growth required for the stability of unemployment in these countries differs from the economic growth estimated in the Okun study, where growth What is required in Egypt, Jordan, Lebanon, Tunisia, and Turkey exceed 3%, and in Morocco less than 1%, while growth in the combined countries (pooled) reaches 6%.

4-Research Methodology
The study used three statistical models to cover all classifications of unemployment from general unemployment, male unemployment, and female unemployment. Thus, the study clearly demonstrated the impact of foreign direct investment on unemployment in the six countries that represent the MENA region.
According to traditional economic theory and previous studies, a linear economic model was used. Since FDI requires a long time to show its impact on host economies, attention was paid to the long-term relationship of variables, so the standard model was based on the results of the diagnostic tests as follows: The study began by testing the unit root of variables and because the recent literature proposes several methods for unit root tests in panel data and since these methods may give different results, the study selected Breitung (2000) [23], Levin, Lin and Chu (2002) (LLC) [24], Im, Perasan and Shin W-test (2003) (IPS) [25], ADF Fisher Chi-square test (1979 and 1981) (ADF-Fisher) [26][27], PP Fisher Chi-Square test (Maddala and Wu, 1999) (PP-Fisher) [28] and Hadri (2000) [29] to perform panel data unit root tests. In all these tests except Hadri, the null hypothesis is that the variable contains a unit root (in Hadri test, null hypothesis is that the variable is stationary).
In order to examine the long-term relationship between the variables, the paper employed panel data regression models in this study and considered various assumptions about the intercept, the slope coefficients, and the error term. This procedure requires selecting between Fixed Effects Model (FEM), Random Effects Model (REM) and Common Effects Model (pooled regression) [30]. For selecting between these three models, we used Redundant Fixed Effects test and Hausman test; where Redundant Fixed Effects test to choose between Common Effects Model and Fixed Effects Model [31], and Hausman test to choose between Fixed Effects Model and Random Effects Model [32]. And regarding to test the causality relations among the examined variables, the study specified a vector autoregressive model (VAR), where the main advantage of the VAR model is that it treats each variable of the system as endogenous and relates each variable to its own past values and to past values of all other variables included in the model [33]. The following flowchart illustrates the econometric methodology which followed in this paper.

5-Empirical Results and Discussion
The results of the unit root test are presented in Table 4. It's found that the variables are non-stationary at their levels but they are stationary at first difference, being integrated of order one, I(1). This implies that our variables are non-stationary in levels but stationary in their first differences. In other words, they follow the integration of order one, I(1), processes , and that allows us to proceed to the panel data regression model. 3. ***, **, * denotes rejection of null hypothesis at the 1%, 5% and 10% level of significance, respectively. 4. The null hypothesis of these tests is that the panel series has a unit root (nonstationary series) except Hadri test. 5. Lag length selection automatic based on Schwarz criterion.

5-1-The First Model (Unemployment Rate)
As explained in the study methodology, both the Redundant Fixed Test and Hausman Test were used to determine the appropriate panel data regression model. Tables 5 and 6 show the result of these tests.   Notes: *, ** and *** indicate significance levels at 10%, 5% and 1% , and; and indicate Jarque-Bera and F-statistic to test the null hypotheses of normal distribution and the significance probability of the model respectively, and; R-squared and Adjusted R-squared to indicates the ability of independent variables to interpret the dependent variable change, and; CROSSID 1,2,3,4,5,6 indicate Jordan, Lebanon, Tunis, Turkey, Egypt and Morocco respectively. Table 6 shows the estimated parameters for the independent variables in the long term. Through the above model, it's noticed the following: The results show that the adjusted-R square (adj-R2) was 76.0%. This means the independent variables combined explain 76.0% of the change in the unemployment rate, and the results indicate that all parameters except (GGDP) in the model are statistically significant (FDI at 5% significant level, EXP at 1% significant level and INF at 1% significant level).
For the FDI coefficient it is negative, if the FDI increases 1%, the unemployment rate (UNE) will decrease by 0.092%, with the stability of other factors. This result is consistent with the hypothesis and assumptions that see that foreign direct investment works to achieve economic savings for workers represented in the increase in their real wages and increase their productive capabilities, and creating of vertical and horizontal integrations and the encouragement of supportive projects Investments and thus creating new job opportunities. The results of this study are consistent with many previous studies such as the study of Johnny et al. (2018) showed that FDI decreases the unemployment rate in Nigeria, and the study of Bayar (2014) also, showed that FDI declines the unemployment rate in Turkey.
According to the (EXP) coefficient, it is negative, if (EXP) increases by 1%, the unemployment rate (UNE) will decrease by 0.062%, with the stability of the other factors. This result is consistent with the logic of economic theory that indicates that exports increase economic growth leading to an increase in the employment rate and thus a decrease in unemployment rates. This result is also consistent with many previous studies such as the study of Dritsakis and Stamatiou (2018) that showed that there is an inverse bidirectional causal relationship between export and unemployment rate.
The results also showed that the effect of (GGDP) on the unemployment rate is negative but not statistically significant. The study shows that this is because the relationship between (GGDP) and (UNE) is indirect and we can explain the relationship through the influence of intermediate variables such as foreign direct investment, exports, government spending, and other economic variables that are closely related to economic growth.
Finally, for the (INF) coefficient, it is negative, if the (INF) increases 1%, the unemployment rate (UNE) will decrease by 0.03%, with the stability of other factors. This finding is consistent with Philips' theory (Phillips curve) in that the relationship between inflation and unemployment is inverse relation.
In order to analyze the causal relationships between the examined variables the study used panel data VAR with lag order (2). The optimal lag length selected by the minimum value of Schwarz criterion. Table 7 presents the estimated coefficient for the six countries and the Granger causality directions are based on the Wald test of coefficients. (0.0001) GGD→INF*** Notes: The numbers in ( ) denote p-values and in [ ] denote Chi-square value. ***, **,* denotes rejection of null hypothesis at the 1%, 5% and 10% level of significance, respectively. H0=null hypothesis, F-stat=F-statistic. In Wald test of coefficients, the null hypothesis A is c2= c3=0, B is c4= c5=0, C is c6= c7=0, D is c8= c9=0, E is c10=c11=0 respectively. Table 7 shows the estimated parameters in the short-term, in addition to Granger causality findings. The results are as follows: From the first equation (DUNE) of Table 7, the results illustrate that there is no unidirectional causality relation between the explained variable (DUNE) and the explanatory variables (DFDI, DEXP, DGGDP and DINF). These findings indicate that all of the independent variables don't affect unemployment in the short term, and the effect may appear in the long term.
The second equation (DFDI) from Table 7 indicates that there is a weak unidirectional causal relationship that extends from unemployment to FDI and a strong unidirectional causality that extends from export to FDI. The explanation of the first result in that unemployment and its high rates are one of the indicators that the economy in the host country faces a state of stagnation and economic obstacles, and therefore unemployment is one of the factors inhibiting the investment climate. As for the explanation of the second result, this result support that the expansion of exports has a significant impact on FDI. Exports in combination with other factors such as tax breaks, low bureaucracy, and proper administration can be the trigger for more FDI.
The third equation (DEXP) from Table 7 shows that there is a strong unidirectional causal relationship extending from FDI to export. And this result can be explained by the fact that the most important tools and mechanisms of foreign direct investment are multinational companies that can expand their production operations because of their large capital and their ability to borrow from international markets, and thus benefit from economies of scale, and because they possess the latest generation of productive technologies as a result of their huge spending on research And project development. This gives it a competitive advantage over local companies, so it produces export-oriented products, and thus increases its exports as a result of its knowledge of the international market and international marketing channels, enabling it to enter into export contracts abroad and thus increase the exports of the host country.
According to the fourth equation (DGGDP) from Table 7, the findings show that there is a unidirectional causal relationship that extends from unemployment to economic growth and from inflation to economic growth. The inverse relationship between unemployment and economic growth is consistent with Okun's law. Increasing the unemployment rate means increasing the economic waste of human resources, which are the main component of economic growth and economic development. Also, for the relationship of inflation to economic growth, it's noticed that it is weak significant at 10% significance.
Finally, the fifth equation (DINF) from Table 7 illustrates that there is a strong unidirectional causal relationship spanning from economic growth to inflation. The classic interpretation may be the best fit for this result, as economic growth increases the amount of money in the market and results in a significant increase in aggregate demand that outpaces the increase in production (Excess demand) and thus the speed of money circulation and higher price levels.
Eventually, the findings of Table 8 show that there are two bidirectional causality relationships between FDI and Export, and economic growth and inflation, and two unidirectional causality relationships from unemployment to FDI and from unemployment to economic growth.

5-2-The Second Model (Male Unemployment Rate)
Based on the Redundant Fixed Tests and Hausman Test, the fixed-effect model was used and the results showed that all independent variables negatively affect the Male Unemployment Rate, and also that all estimated coefficients were statistically significant except for the growth in GDP (FDI, EXP, and INF at 1% significant level). Notes: *, ** and *** indicate significance levels at 10%, 5% and 1% , and; and indicate Jarque-Bera and F-statistic to test the null hypotheses of normal distribution and the significance probability of the model respectively, and; R-squared and Adjusted R-squared to indicates the ability of independent variables to interpret the dependent variable change, and; CROSSID 1,2,3,4,5,6 indicate Jordan, Lebanon, Tunis, Turkey, Egypt and Morocco respectively.
The results of Table No. 8 show that the independent variables explain 76% of the change in the male unemployment (UNEM) and that a 1% increase in FDI leads to a decrease in the UNEM by 0.011%, and an increase in exports by 1% will lead to a decrease in the UNEM by 0 0.08%, and finally, the 1% increase in inflation will decrease the UNEM by 0.02%.
The findings of the second model analysis are in line with the findings of the original model (first model), which makes the study results more robust and supports the main argument of the study for the effect of FDI on the Unemployment in these 6 countries.
In order to analyse the causal relationships in short-term between the variables of the second model, Table 9 shows that there are bidirectional causality relationships between FDI and Export, and three unidirectional causality relationships from inflation to male unemployment, from male unemployment to economic growth and from economic growth to inflation.   Chi-square value. ***, **,* denotes rejection of null hypothesis at the 1%, 5% and 10% level of significance, respectively. H0=null hypothesis, F-stat=F-statistic. In Wald test of coefficients, the null hypothesis A is c2= c3=0, B is c4= c5=0, C is c6= c7=0, D is c8= c9=0, E is c10=c11=0 respectively.
The short-term results for the second model came identical and similar to the first model. This confirms the robustness of the study results and the absence of a causal relationship between FDI and unemployment in the short term while in the long-term we find that FDI reduces unemployment in general and male unemployment (as shown in Tables 6 and 8).

5-3-The Third Model (Female Unemployment Rate)
In this study, the effect of FDI on female unemployment was investigated to make the picture clearer and the results more reliable. Through the Hausman test, the random-effect model was used, and the results were similar to the previous two models, as FDI reduces female unemployment (1% increase in FDI leads to a decrease in the UNEM by 0.011%) as well as inflation (1% increase in inflation will decrease the UNEM by 0.02%). However, both exports and economic growth had no statistically significant effect. Notes: *, ** and *** indicate significance levels at 10%, 5% and 1% , and; and indicate Jarque-Bera and F-statistic to test the null hypotheses of normal distribution and the significance probability of the model respectively, and; R-squared and Adjusted R-squared to indicates the ability of independent variables to interpret the dependent variable change, and; CROSSID 1,2,3,4,5,6 indicate Jordan, Lebanon, Tunis, Turkey, Egypt and Morocco respectively.
The findings of Table 10 showed that the third model differs from the previous models using the random-effect model, where the Hausman test showed that the null hypothesis must be accepted and therefore the random-effect model was used and the fixed effect model was rejected. In addition to the effect of exports in these six countries is not significant on female unemployment, whereas, it is significant and reduced the impact of unemployment and male unemployment. In contrast, the three models showed that foreign direct investment reduces unemployment, male and female unemployment in the long-term.
To find the causal relationship in the short-term between the explanatory variables and female unemployment, Table 11 shows that: Chi-square value. ***, **,* denotes rejection of null hypothesis at the 1%, 5% and 10% level of significance, respectively. H0=null hypothesis, F-stat=F-statistic. In Wald test of coefficients, the null hypothesis A is c2= c3=0, B is c4= c5=0, C is c6= c7=0, D is c8= c9=0, E is c10=c11=0 respectively. Table 11 shows a bidirectional causal relationship between foreign direct investment and exports, and between GDP growth and inflation. Causality results also came in the short term consistent with the results of the previous two models, as there is no causal relationship in the short term between foreign direct investment and unemployment in all its forms, whether unemployment, male unemployment or even female unemployment, while it is present in the longterm.

6-Conclusion
The MENA region is considered one of the highest regions in the world in terms of unemployment rates, especially the youth unemployment rate [34]. In response to this challenge, the governments of the region have adopted a set of policies and measures, the most important of which is attracting FDI. Therefore, this study was conducted on 6 countries, as a group, from this region to investigate the impact of FDI on unemployment in the long term, as well as the causal relationship in the short term, and the major findings in the long term were as follows: FDI reduces unemployment, male unemployment, and Female unemployment. Exports reduce unemployment and male unemployment, and its effect is not statistically significant on female unemployment. The effect of economic growth is not statistically significant on unemployment, male and female unemployment. Inflation affects negatively in both unemployment, male and female unemployment. Regard to the causal relationship in the short term, the results showed that there is a bidirectional causal relationship between FDI and exports, and the absence of a causal relationship from FDI to unemployment, or male or female unemployment.
The results of the study in the long-term were compatible with some previous studies, such as Johnny et al. (2018) which demonstrated that FDI reduces the unemployment rate in Nigeria, and Tegep et al. (2019) showed that FDI reduces the unemployment rate at 36 Indonesian provinces. Irpan et al. (2018) also illustrated that FDI declines the unemployment rate in Malaysia. Regarding causality relationship in the short term, Stamatiou and Dritsakis (2013) found that there is a bidirectional causality between FDI and Export in five Eurozone countries while is not existing between FDI and Unemployment rate, also Omar Mohammad (2018) showed the absence of the causal effect between FDI and the Unemployment rate in Sudan.
The study findings indicate the absence of the effect of foreign direct investment on unemployment in the short term and its negative effect in the long term. Hence, the paper recommends that countries in the MENA region follow economic policies that attract foreign investment and improve the investment climate. It is also focused on a form of foreign investment that increases employment rates like foundational investments, and enacting a set of laws and legislations that provide a set of incentives and tax exemptions which contribute to attracting foreign investments, at the same time impose on foreign companies to qualify and employ local labor. In addition to the attention to human capital and education in particular as an important tool for reducing unemployment and as an incentive to attract foreign investment. As well as controlling the entry of foreign investment into the local market by imposing a joint venture policy so that local producers get opportunities to learn new technologies and ideas as well as share the profits gained. The study also addressed the reality of six countries in the MENA region, so it is recommended to conduct studies that include more countries or joint studies between countries, and that this study may be the reason for more detailed future studies that use different methodologies and examine other variables such as government spending, tax policy, population growth, human capital, and macroeconomic variables that may affect unemployment.

7-Conflict of Interest
The author declares that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this manuscript. In addition, the ethical issues, including plagiarism, informed consent, misconduct, data fabrication and/or falsification, double publication and/or submission, and redundancies have been completely observed by the authors.